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Q 1. Explain the various theories of motivation.

July 14, 2012 By: Meliza Category: 1st SEM

Ans:- Some theories based on motivation and empowerment and how to make them work in an organisation. We begin with the theories of motivation.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Psychologist Abraham Maslow was the first to introduce the concept of hierarchy of needs in his 1943 paper “A Theory of Human Motivation”. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfil their basic needs before moving on to other needs. 

The hierarchy of needs is depicted in form of a pyramid. The bottom of the pyramid depicts some of the basic human needs and the top of the pyramid depicts the complex human needs.

Physiological needs : The basic human needs are the requirements that an individual requires which includes food, water, shelter and clothing. Once these needs are met, an individual starts to think about the next level of needs that are security, safety needs.

Security or safety needs : In this type of need an individual always ensures that he is very secure emotionally and also makes sure that there is no fear of losing job, property, food and shelter.

Social needs : Man is a social being. He needs people and longs for friendship, love and intimacy. Once these needs are fulfilled, he urges for something more.

Esteem needs : Once all the needs are satisfied, an individual feels that he needs to be respected by the society and also wants to be known to people around. He develops self confidence and self respect and esteem

Self actualisation theory : This is the highest form of need an individual can have. It drives an individual to think that he is capable of doing certain things. Here an individual utilises his potential to the maximum and tries to grow and develop.

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Figure 13.2: Maslow’s Theory of Needs

Frederick Herzber’s Motivation-Hygiene theory

Frederick Herzber tried to do some modification with Maslow’s Hierarchical Theory of Needs and came up with a theory known as the two-factor theory. He found that an organisation is made up of both satisfiers and dissatisfiers.

This theory was generalised based on the opinion of the employees in the organisation. He wanted to know what employees wanted from their jobs. The employees were asked to justify the situations when they felt extremely good and extremely bad. From the responses he received, he concluded that the opposite of satisfaction is not dissatisfaction and by merely removing the unsatisfied characteristics from a job, job satisfaction cannot be achieved.

Examples of Hygiene factors are: Security, status, relationship with subordinates, personal life, salary, work conditions, relationship with supervisor and company policy and administration.

Examples of Motivational factors are: Growth prospectus, Job advancement, Responsibilities, Challenges, Recognition and Achievements.

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Figure 13.3: Frederick Herzber’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory

Q 2. Discuss the qualities of an effective leader. Explain any three leadership theories.

Ans:- A leader cannot be effective unless he possesses certain qualities of head and heart. Irrespective of the nature of the manager-leader’s own responsibilities of the job and the style adopted by him, a number of qualities are generally found to be possessed by the effective leader. The more important of these qualities are listed below:

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