Ans:- The dominant behaviour pattern of a leader-manager in relation to his subordinates is known as leadership style. There are three basic styles of leadership as follows:
Traditionally, the purpose of training and development is to ensure that employees can effectively complete their work. Today, organisations have intense pressure to stay have a competitive advantage through innovation and reinvention. Organisations must foster the trend of continuous learning as a social responsibility to ensure they are competitive in the global marketplace. (more…)
Ans:- The evaluation of a non conformed product involves assessing the non conformity of the product. It includes the steps to investigate and notify the persons or organisations responsible for non-conformance. There are two major types of non conformances, and it is essential to divide them into subcategories. They are
Ans:- The process of Product Traceability maintains records of all products and parts from purchasing to finished goods. Traceability ensures product tracking thereby satisfying customer that they get the right product in time. Traceability improves product control since it has the capability to identify and track a product or a component to its roots. The point of origin may be a particular lot or batch of products, production line and time frame, field, or supplier. Traceability provides a means of identifying the units for recall. Some products (e.g. aircraft components, fresh product, meat) require complete traceability (more…)
Ans:- In-process inspection and testing are performed to validate the features and characteristics during the assembly or processing of products. The objective hence is to verify and document specifications and requirements that pertain to final product and that it is stable and can continue to meet the specifications and requirements throughout the product run. The product is put into inspection and test as per the quality plan or the other procedures of documentation. The main objective behind this is to identify the changes at various levels of production, especially the context where the characteristics of the products are exposed to measurement. (more…)
Ans:- The standard expects the supplier to establish and maintain appropriate documented procedures for identifying the product by suitable means from receipts and during the stages of production, delivery, and installation.
Some of the important product identifiers are:
Ans:- Purchasing in QS 9000
QS-9000 is much more specific on Purchasing than ISO 9000. It states that you have to ensure that you purchase only from an approved suppliers, which is facilitated with an approved supplier list. Also, you have to check materials against local regulations for safety, engineering, and environmental conformance. This requirement brings about uniformity in expectations and validations and is applicable for all countries, notwithstanding where your purchasing department operates.
In QS 9000, the requirement states that while evaluating your own suppliers, they should be chosen based on the capabilities and the terms of your purchasing contracts. QS 9000 makes automotive makers to see a uniform quality model used throughout the hierarchy of suppliers. You should plan on auditing your suppliers against QS-9000, or requiring third-party registration as an alternative. (more…)
Ans:- A Document is an information carrier and is the primary source of information. Examples of the media formats used for documentation are paper, film or computer disks. The Documentation activity carried by an organisation depends on the size of the organisation, the different processes and the skills and competence of the employees performing it.
Some of the main objectives of an organisation’s documentation are: (more…)
Ans:- Contract review is an interesting requirement due to its ambiguity in terms of interpretation. Contract review is the process of gathering the stated and un-stated needs and expectations of customers and communicating these needs and expectations to all departments within the company. All contract review activities are documented and analysed for improvements. (more…)
Ans:- The organisation must make sure that the handling, storage and delivery of the product is done in an efficient manner. There must be a well documented procedure and methods of handling that prevents the damage and the deterioration of the product. In the case of software industry, handling refers to necessary action that the organisation must take to protect the software from unauthorised changes, software alterations and virus infections.
Handling of the products will take several forms. In some cases, there will be notices on the products that warn you of dangers. In other cases, you can provide containers and other equipments. The handling of the product requires excellent planning, control and a well documented system which should be followed for incoming, in-process and the final product. These methods are applicable not only during the delivery, ……… (more…)
Ans:- There are three major Quality Objectives that will successfully help your organisation achieve commitments expressed in the Quality Policy:
Employee superiority: (more…)
Ans:- QS 9000 is the name given to the Quality System Requirements of the automotive industry which were developed by Chrysler, Ford, General Motors and major truck manufacturers and issued in late 1994. (more…)
Ans:- The eight quality management principles are defined in ISO 9000, Quality management systems Fundamentals and vocabulary, and in ISO 9004, quality management systems guidelines for performance improvements.
This section provides you the standardised descriptions of the principles as they appear in ISO 9000, In addition, it provides examples of the benefits obtained from their use and of actions that managers typically take in applying the principles to improve their organisations’ performance. (more…)
Business forecasting is a process used to estimate or predict future patterns using business data. Some examples of business forecasting include estimating quarterly sales, product demand, customer lifetime value and churn potential, inventory and supply-chain reorder timing, workforce attrition, website traffic, and predicting exposure to fraud and risk. Several powerful estimation functions are commonly used to perform business forecasting: time series analysis, causal models, and regression analysis. Business forecasting supports executives, analysts and end users in decision-making using decision support systems such as business intelligence. It involves predicting the future outcome of various business decisions. This includes the future of the business as a whole, the future of an existing or proposed product or product line, and the future of the industry in which the business operates, to name a few. Forecasting is used to answer important questions, such as: (more…)
A decision tree is a decision support tool that uses a tree-like graph or model of decisions and their possible consequences, including chance event outcomes, resource costs, and utility. It is one way to display an algorithm. Decision trees are commonly used in operations research, specifically in decision analysis, to help identify a strategy most likely to reach a goal. If in practice decisions have to be taken online with no recall under incomplete knowledge, a decision tree should be paralleled by a probability model as a best choice model or online selection model algorithm. Another use of decision trees is as a descriptive means for calculating conditional probabilities. (more…)
Contract is a binding agreement between two or more parties. Once signed, this agreement can be enforced by either a court of law or binding arbitration. Because legal contracts cannot be signed under duress, there is the “mirror image” standard of binding agreement. This simply means that each party must be as willing to sign the agreement as the other. The concept of “breach of contract” is recognized by state and federal laws and is a valid reason for litigation. (more…)
Rummler & Brache (1995) use a definition that clearly encompasses a focus on the
organization’s external customers, when stating that
”a business process is a series of steps designed to produce a product or service. Most
processes (…) are cross-functional, spanning the ‘white space’ between the boxes on
the organization chart. Some processes result in a product or service that is received by
an organization’s external customer. We call these primary processes. Other processes
produce products that are invisible to the external customer but essential to the effective
management of the business. We call these support processes.” (more…)
Project management is the discipline of planning, organizing, securing, managing, leading, and controlling resources to achieve specific goals. A project is a temporary endeavor with a defined beginning and end (usually time-constrained, and often constrained by funding or deliverables),[1] undertaken to meet unique goals and objectives,[2] typically to bring about beneficial change or added value. The temporary nature of projects stands in contrast with business as usual (or operations),[3] which are repetitive, permanent, or semi-permanent functional activities to produce products or services. In practice, the management of these two systems is often quite different, and as such requires the development of distinct technical skills and management strategies.
Many people are uncertain about the difference between a project and a program (also please refer to note on spelling conventions used on ICB.com).
Management consultants are regularly involved in supporting clients through periods of complex change and consequently clarity on the basic definitions of a project and a program, and the difference between a project and a program are important (more…)
Risk is real for any company or organization. Don’t kid yourself. Things happen when you least expect them to happen. Are YOU ready for the unimaginable, the unexpected, the unwanted? As an executive, have you put your head in the sand around risk? Do you pretend that all is well, and nothing will change? If so, it’s time to face reality: data gets lost, buildings burn, people resign. When any of these occur, your organization is at risk for malfunction, inefficiency, chronic struggle, revenue loss, and even total failure. Is this the path you want to go down? (more…)
Risk management is the identification, assessment, and prioritization of risks (defined in ISO 31000 as the effect of uncertainty on objectives, whether positive or negative) followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability and/or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities. (more…)
No customer or contractor wants its contract plagued by disputes. Resolving disputes absorbs valuable resources, frequently sours the present contractual relationship and could affect future business relationships between the parties. Ironically, some of the leading causes of disputes are the easiest to minimize through careful contract negotiation and administration. Three of these are discussed below with simple, but often overlooked, precautions that can help to avoid them. (more…)
The make-or-buy decision is the act of making a strategic choice between
producing an item internally (in-house) or buying it externally (from an outside
supplier). The buy side of the decision also is referred to as outsourcing. Make-or-
buy decisions usually arise when a firm that has developed a product or part–or
significantly modified a product or part–is having trouble with current suppliers,
or has diminishing capacity or changing demand. (more…)
Contract is a binding agreement between two or more parties. Once signed, this agreement can be enforced by either a court of law or binding arbitration. Because legal contracts cannot be signed under duress, there is the “mirror image” standard of binding agreement. This simply means that each party must be as willing to sign the agreement as the other. The concept of “breach of contract” is recognized by state and federal laws and is a valid reason for litigation. (more…)
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(i) ethics in retailing
Manchester’s hosting of the International Co-operative and Mutual Insurance Federation’s biennial conference was a great success. But amidst the presentations from chief executives of some world’s largest life and non-life insurers, arguably the stand-out contribution came from Nigel Waite, a consultant with the Canford Centre for Customer Development. He has been a marketing director with Lloyds and Barclays and is honorary professor of marketing at Nottingham University. (more…)
Securing the retail store computing environment has never been more important, or more necessary, than it is today. Store technology is shifting from closed, proprietary systems to open, flexible systems that allow greater and more meaningful interaction with the customer, headquarters, and partners, as well as better control and understanding of store operations. This shift is evidenced by the introduction of retail store technologies such as wireless networking, store Internet access, multifunction point-of-sale (POS) devices, multi-channel selling, customer kiosks, handheld devices, Voice-over-IP (VOIP), remote frequency identifiers (RFIDs), and so on. Generally speaking, these technologies require more effort around security, due to the nature of the applications they introduce and the functionality they expose. Additionally, technology is providing lower cost operational alternatives, such as store-to-corporate network connectivity, that leverage public networks that expose retailers to additional security threats, such as cyber-attacks. (more…)
Inventory control (also known as inventory management) refers to the systems and strategies businesses use to ensure that they have adequate supplies of raw materials for production and finished goods for shipment to customers, while also minimizing their inventory carrying costs. Storing excess inventory is costly, because the space and financial resources invested in the goods can often be put to better use elsewhere. At the same time, however, inadequate inventory stores can result in costly production shutdowns or delays in filling customer orders. Inventory control systems help companies to find the delicate balance between too little and too much inventory. (more…)
Retail is the business of selling goods. The goods can be anything from food to clothes to books to toys but it is done from a fixed location – usually a shop.
Retailing is extremely important to everyone because without retailers we would not have access to everyday products that we need. Our lives would be very different if we could not ‘pop to the shop’ and buy virtually anything we could want.
A.2 Developing the category strategy
ï¶ï€ Footfall: Retailers adopt this strategy when the category requires communicating the price awareness and promote frequent purchase. In this strategy retailer‟s focus will be on increasing the traffic to the retail store.
To ensure sales, companies go to great lengths to make sure that their products are visible in stores and are presented in an appealing, ‘sellable’ way. This is called merchandising, which includes product packaging, placement, promotions and pricing to appeal to the target market. == Answer == One definition of Merchandising is a marketing practice in which the brand or image from one product or service is used to sell another. It is most prominently seen in connection with films, usually those in current release and with television shows oriented towards children. (more…)
A retail merchandiser determines what products will end up on the shelves of which store. She may work at a high-end fashion boutique, in a toy store or in any other retail outlet, picking which items to display in the store and determining how much of an item the store should have on hand to meet demand. (more…)
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors.
It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted, though it may employ point to point (P2P), point to multipoint, or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition, the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks, casinos, airports, military installations, and convenience stores. Videotelephony is seldom called “CCTV” but the use of video in distance education, where it is an important tool, is often so called.[1][2] (more…)
The importance of information technology in retail stems from the importance of data. Data is nothing but information that aids decision making. The right data, in the right form to the right setoff people at the right time, is one of the greatest tools in the hands of the retailer. Information is always with reference to a particular time frame. (more…)
A supply chain is a network of retailers, distributors, transporters, storage facilities, andsuppliers that participate in the production, delivery, and sale of a product to the consumer. The supply chain is typically made up of multiple companies who coordinate activities to set themselves apart from the competition.
A supply chain has three key parts: (more…)
Definition of Supply Chain Management
If you go to a Supermarket and pick up a few items of the shelf from electronics and white goods or even clothes and look at the labels, chances are that you will find them having been manufactured in China or Mexico. The coffee pods you buy to use for your every day use comes from Africa. Computers have been shipped out of South American Factories and Soft furnishings on the shelves are from India and Hong Kong. (more…)
1. Web Design Tools: Design for the Web is one of the most significant areas that are emerging in the development of websites. Web design refers to the task of developing a Web page or the user interface of the Web page. The design of a Web page acts as a medium between people and information. The major intention of Web design is in the development of attractive Web pages that reside on Web servers. Web design tools concentrates more on the presentation of contents using hypertext, images, videos, and so on. (more…)
Browser components
Now let us learn the architecture of a Web browser with the help of reference architecture. This reference architecture is the basic architecture for Web browsers and helps you to easily understand the various components that exist in the Web browser. (more…)
Answer: Technology Generation:
We will start our discussion with the meaning of technology generation.
Technology generation and development is often identical with the term “Research and Development (R&D)”. However, technology generation involves R&D efforts, while technology development involves further stages of translating R&D efforts into marketable products, processes and services. Basically, we can consider the R&D process as having four distinct stages as shown in figure (more…)
The following factors like non technical in nature, that must be consider while designing the electronic payment system for the retail company to automate the payment system:
Privacy. A user expects to trust in a secure system; just as the telephone is a safe and private medium free of wiretaps and hackers, electronic communication must merit equal trust. (more…)
